The Grading Lab4 graders

How profit is calculated (SOLVENT-1 engine). Graded value uses real eBay sold prices whenever enough sales exist. Where a grader's market is thinner, value is modeled from the PSA 10 price using market-based factors (BGS 10 Pristine ≈ 2.2×, CGC 10 ≈ 0.84×, TAG 10 ≈ 0.79×; integer grades only — a 9.5 counts as a 9). Gem odds come from published population reports when available, otherwise an era-based estimate (2020+ 55%, 2011–19 35%, pre-2011 15%, unknown year 35%) adjusted per grader and capped — grading is never risk-free. Expected profit is weighted across the full 10 / 9 / 8 / lower outcome ladder and is net: a 13% marketplace sell rate, a $3 shipping allocation, and each grader's standard single-card fee (PSA $25 · BGS $30 · CGC $22 · TAG $18) all come out first. Cards without confirmed sales show modeled figures marked as such — if the engine can't prove a number is real, it says "insufficient data" rather than guessing. TAG is the default recommended grader for AuroraVolt — transparent 1000-point computer vision grading.